The Leonard Percival Howell Time-line
The Leonard Percival Howell Timeline
The Life of the First Rasta
Foundations (1887–1929)
1887 – August 17
Marcus Mosiah Garvey is born in St. Ann's Bay, Jamaica.
1889 – September 15
Claude McKay is born in Jamaica. He later becomes a major figure in the Harlem Renaissance.
1898 – June 16
Leonard Percival Howell is born in May Crawle, Clarendon, Jamaica.
1913 – October 10
The Panama Canal officially opens.
1914 – 1918
World War I reshapes global politics and colonial power structures.
1915 – October
Howell witnesses the murder of his neighbour Rodney by her common-law husband.
His parents refuse to allow him to testify, and Howell leaves Jamaica for Panama aboard a banana boat.
1917 – April 6
The United States enters World War I.
1918
Howell works as a cook aboard U.S. Marine transport ships.
October 28, 1918
Howell makes his first voyage to New York aboard the SS Metapan.
1920
Howell travels widely aboard the SS Logan, visiting San Francisco, Murmansk, Arkhangelsk, Vladivostok, Manila, Trieste, Naples, and New York.
During this period, Mahatma Gandhi develops the Non-Cooperation Movement, which gains strong support among Black communities in Harlem.
1922
Howell marries Myra Wilson of Panamanian and Jamaican descent.
1923 – June
Howell leaves the Merchant Marines.
June 18, 1923
Marcus Garvey is imprisoned in the United States.
1924 – May 19
Howell applies for United States citizenship.
1925 – January 25
Myra Howell arrives in New York.
1927 – November 9
Marcus Garvey is deported to Jamaica after serving time in U.S. prison.
1928
Howell opens a tea room in Harlem.
1929 – August
The Great Depression begins in the United States.
October 1929
Marcus Garvey is elected councillor in the Kingston and St. Andrew Corporation.
October 1929
The Wall Street Crash (Black Tuesday) triggers the global economic collapse.
The Birth of Rastafari (1930–1939)
1930 – November 2
Ras Tafari Makonnen is crowned Emperor Haile Selassie I of Ethiopia, alongside Empress Menen.
1932 – November 18
Howell returns to Jamaica after his U.S. citizenship application is denied.
1933 – January
Howell begins preaching in St. Thomas plantations, declaring Haile Selassie the returned Christ.
1934 – March 13–15
Howell and several Rastafarians are tried for sedition in St. Thomas and sentenced to two years of hard labour.
March 23, 1934
Howell receives alleged "seditious literature" from Pan-Africanist George Padmore.
August 1934
Marcus Garvey convenes a UNIA convention in Kingston.
1935 – October
Benito Mussolini invades Ethiopia.
1935 – April
Garvey leaves Jamaica for England.
1936 – June 20
Howell founds the King of Kings Mission and later marries Teneth Bent.
1937 – January 11
Police raid Rastafarian communities in St. Thomas; many brethren are arrested.
October 22, 1937
Howell is arrested following an altercation with a politician.
1938
Labour uprisings spark political revolution across Jamaica.
February 15, 1938
Howell is confined to Bellevue Mental Hospital.
December 20, 1938
Howell is released.
1939 – April 4
The Ethiopian Salvation Society is formed.
April 1939
Howell establishes the Pinnacle community, the first Rastafarian commune.
Pinnacle and Persecution (1940–1960)
1940
Authorities use alleged health concerns as a pretext to harass the Pinnacle community.
July 14, 1941
First major police raid on Pinnacle.
Seventy-two members are arrested.
July 24, 1941
Howell is arrested and sentenced to two years in prison.
April 1943
Howell returns to Pinnacle after his release.
December 23, 1943
Teneth Bent Howell dies. Howell is accused and arrested.
April 6, 1944
Howell is cleared of all charges.
February 6, 1945
Bob Marley is born in Nine Mile, St. Ann.
October 12, 1945
Albert Chang dies; his will orders Rastafarians expelled from Pinnacle land.
1947
Count Ossie forms the Mystic Revelation of Rastafari, shaping Nyabinghi drumming traditions.
January 8, 1948
Howell is arrested and sentenced to six months in prison.
January 18, 1951
Howell is arrested again for possession of ganja and sentenced to two years.
1954 – April
Howell is arrested for the alleged illegal practice of medicine.
May 1954
Howell's two sons are arrested under disputed circumstances.
May 27, 1954
Major ganja raid on Pinnacle; property seized and members arrested.
1957
Bob Marley moves to Trench Town, Kingston at age 12.
1958
Massive police raid destroys Pinnacle. Homes are burned and the community is scattered.
1959
Back-to-Africa leader Claudius Henry is arrested for possession of arms.
November 1959
Howell is again arrested for ganja.
1960 – June
Howell is arrested at Tredegar Park and confined to Bellevue.
During this period the University of the West Indies conducts its first academic study of Rastafari, encouraged by Mortimer Planno.
Expansion and Recognition (1961–1975)
1961
Rastafari mission travels to Ethiopia led by Mortimer Planno and other brethren.
1962
Jamaica gains independence.
Alexander Bustamante becomes the first Prime Minister.
1963
The Coral Gardens Massacre occurs.
Bustamante orders security forces to suppress Rastafarians, resulting in widespread arrests and killings.
1966 – April 21
Emperor Haile Selassie I visits Jamaica in a historic event for the Rastafari movement.
Soon after, the Back-O-Wall settlement is demolished in Kingston.
1972
Michael Manley becomes Prime Minister and promotes democratic socialism.
1975 – August 27
The transition of Emperor Haile Selassie I.
Final Years (1978–1983)
1978 – March
Howell is arrested again for ganja.
1979 – May
Gunmen attack Rastafarians at Pinnacle.
1980
Edward Seaga defeats Michael Manley in national elections.
The CIA is reported to be active in Jamaican politics during this period.
Howell survives an assassination attempt at Pinnacle and is severely injured.
He later recovers at the Sheraton Hotel under the care of his secretary Gertrude Campbell and her granddaughter, Love.
1981 – March
Leonard Percival Howell transitions.
1981 – May
Bob Marley transitions.
1983
Professor Robert Hill publishes the first major academic article on Howell in the Jamaica Journal.
*FOR A COMPLETE TIMELINE You may contact the Leonard Howell Foundation at info@lphfoundation.org *
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